Metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity and risk of vasomotor symptoms in premenopausal women: cross-sectional and cohort studies

Sunju Namgoung ^1 2, Yoosoo Chang ^1 3, Chae-Yeon Woo ¹, Yejin Kim ¹, Jeonggyu Kang ¹, Ria Kwon ^1 4, Ga-Young Lim ^1 4, Hye Rin Choi ^1 4, Kye-Hyun Kim ⁵, Hoon Kim ⁶, Yun Soo Hong ⁷, Di Zhao ⁷, Juhee Cho ^7 8, Eliseo Guallar ⁷, Hyun-Young Park ⁹, Seungho Ryu ^1 3

Affiliations expand

• PMID: 35596933
• DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17224

Abstract

Objective: To examine the relationship between metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity phenotypes and risk of vasomotor symptoms (VMS) in premenopausal women.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Middle-aged women in a cohort based on regular health screening examinations.

Population: Premenopausal Korean women aged 42-52 years were recruited and were followed up for a median of 4.2 years. The cross-sectional and cohort studies comprised 4672 women and 2590 women without VMS at baseline, respectively.

Methods: Adiposity measures included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and percentage body fat. Being metabolically healthy was defined as not having any metabolic syndrome components or a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance of 2.5 or more.

Main outcomes measures: VMS (hot flushes and night sweats) assessed using the questionnaire.

Results: All adiposity measures were positively associated with an increased risk of VMS in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. The multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) for VMS comparing percentage body fat of 35% or more with the reference was 1.47 (95% CI 1.14-1.90) in metabolically healthy women, and the corresponding prevalence ratio was 2.32 (95% CI 1.42-3.78) in metabolically unhealthy women (P_interaction = 0.334). The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for incident VMS comparing percentage body fat of 35% or more with the reference was 1.34 (95% CI 1.00-1.79) in metabolically healthy women, whereas the corresponding hazard ratio was 3.61 (95% CI 1.81-7.20) in metabolically unhealthy women (P_interaction = 0.036). The association between BMI, waist circumference and VMS did not significantly differ by metabolic health status.

Conclusions: Maintaining normal weight and being metabolically healthy may help to prevent VMS in premenopausal women.

Keywords: body composition; body mass index; cohort study; metabolic health; obesity; percentage body fat; premenopausal women; vasomotor symptoms; waist circumference.