Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

• Blood and urine tests
• Imaging: Renal ultrasound to assess kidney size and structure
• Blood pressure and growth monitoring

CKD is staged based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR):

• Stage 1: eGFR ≥90 (with kidney damage)
• Stage 2: eGFR 60–89
• Stage 3a: eGFR 45–59
• Stage 3b: eGFR 30–44
• Stage 4: eGFR 15–29
• Stage 5: eGFR <15 (kidney failure)

• Address the underlying cause (e.g., treat infections, manage autoimmune disease)
• Control blood pressure using ACE inhibitors or ARBs
• Manage anemia, acidosis, electrolyte imbalances, and bone health
• Support growth and nutrition through dietary intervention and supplementation
• Avoid nephrotoxic agents
• Prepare for renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) in advanced stages
• Provide psychosocial support and transition care for adolescents