Pediatric Hypertension

Pediatric hypertension means high blood pressure in children or teens. Unlike in adults, there’s no single number that defines it. Instead, doctors use growth charts—comparing a child’s age, sex, and height—to decide if the blood pressure is too high. Though often silent, it can cause serious long-term effects on the heart, kidneys, and blood vessels if left untreated.

Primary (Essential) Hypertension

Often seen in older children and teens, especially those who are overweight or have a family history of high blood pressure.

Lifestyle factors, such as poor diet and physical inactivity, play a significant role.

Secondary Hypertension

More common in younger children, and usually caused by an underlying medical condition, such as:

Kidney disease, Hormonal disorders (e.g., adrenal or thyroid issues), Structural heart problems, Certain medications (e.g., steroids, decongestants)

Most children with high blood pressure have no obvious symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Headaches
• Fatigue or difficulty focusing
• Nosebleeds
• Blurry vision
• Chest discomfort or rapid heartbeat

Secondary hypertension in children is high blood pressure caused by an identifiable underlying condition. It is more common in infants and younger children than in adolescents. 

Renal Causes (most common)

Parenchymal diseases (e.g., chronic kidney disease)

Renovascular conditions (e.g., renal artery stenosis)

Endocrine Causes

e.g., pheochromocytoma, adrenal disorders

Cardiovascular Causes

e.g., coarctation of the aorta

Drug-Induced Hypertension

e.g., corticosteroids, stimulants, NSAIDs

Genetic and Syndromic Disorders

e.g., Liddle syndrome, Williams syndrome

Sleep-Related and Other Causes

e.g., obstructive sleep apnea, lead poisoning

• Encourage healthy eating habits (low salt, balanced nutrition)
• Promote regular physical activity
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Avoid exposure to tobacco smoke
• Regular blood pressure screening, especially in children with risk factors