Pediatric Sepsis

There is no single test that can confirm sepsis. Doctors use a combination of clinical signs, physical exams, and tests to identify it early and begin treatment quickly.

Common diagnostic steps include:

• Vital signs: Checking heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and temperature.
• Blood tests: To assess for signs of infection and inflammation. These may include:
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP) or procalcitonin
• Lactate level, which can indicate poor blood flow to organs
• Blood cultures: A crucial test that helps detect bacteria in the bloodstream. It also guides doctors in choosing the right antibiotics.
• Urine, spinal fluid (via lumbar puncture), or other samples: Depending on the suspected source of infection.
• Imaging tests: Such as chest X-rays or abdominal ultrasound to look for hidden infections.

Since sepsis can progress very quickly, doctors often begin treatment right away, even before all test results are back. Blood cultures are ideally collected before antibiotics are given, when possible, to improve accuracy.

Treatment for sepsis must begin quickly and often takes place in a hospital. The goal is to stop the infection, support the body’s organs, and prevent further complications.

Key parts of treatment include:

• Antibiotics: Given through an IV to quickly fight bacterial infections. These are started as soon as possible.
• Fluids: IV fluids help maintain blood pressure and improve circulation to vital organs.
• Oxygen or breathing support: If the lungs are affected, a child may need oxygen or even a ventilator.
• Medications to support the heart and blood pressure: If the child’s blood pressure remains low despite fluids, medications called vasopressors may be used.
• Source control: Removing infected medical devices or draining abscesses when necessary.
• Monitoring and supportive care: Careful monitoring in the hospital—often in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU)—helps doctors adjust treatment as the child’s condition changes.

Most children with sepsis recover well with timely and appropriate care, but some may experience longer hospital stays or need follow-up care.