Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Symptoms

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how individuals communicate, interact, and behave. Symptoms appear in early childhood and vary widely in severity. Common features include challenges with social interaction, restricted interests, repetitive behaviors, and differences in learning or sensory processing.

• Causes: The exact cause is unknown; research suggests a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
• Risk factors:

Family history of ASD

Male sex (boys are diagnosed more often than girls)

Certain genetic or chromosomal conditions (e.g., fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome)

Advanced parental age at conception

Very preterm birth or low birth weight

• Shows no babbling, pointing, or meaningful gestures by 12 months
• Has no single words by 16 months, or no two-word phrases by 24 months
• Avoids eye contact, does not respond to their name, or prefers to play alone
• Demonstrates repetitive behaviors or unusual reactions to sensory input

Early diagnosis and intervention improve long-term outcomes.