Depression, or major depressive disorder, is a mental health condition that causes persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in daily activities. It affects mood, thinking, and physical health. Symptoms may range from mild to severe and interfere with relationships, work, and quality of life.
Causes and Risk Factors of Depression Symptoms
- Biological factors: Imbalance in brain chemicals (neurotransmitters), family history of depression.
- Psychological factors: History of trauma, abuse, chronic stress.
- Medical conditions: Chronic illness, hormonal disorders, substance misuse.
- Risk factors:
Female sex (higher prevalence)
Family history of mood disorders
Major life changes or losses
Social isolation or lack of support
Certain medications (steroids, some blood pressure drugs)
When to Seek Medical Care
See a healthcare provider if feelings of sadness, emptiness, or irritability last for two weeks or longer, especially if they affect daily functioning. Immediate help is needed if depression is accompanied by thoughts of self-harm or suicide. Crisis hotlines and emergency services should be contacted in urgent situations.