Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath)

Dyspnea refers to the sensation of difficult, uncomfortable, or labored breathing. Some people describe it as “air hunger” or a feeling of not getting enough air. Shortness of breath can occur suddenly or develop gradually, and it may range from mild and temporary to severe and life-threatening. It is often a sign of an underlying heart, lung, or systemic condition that requires medical attention.

• Heart-related causes

Heart failure

Coronary artery disease or heart attack

Irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias)

• Lung-related causes

Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Pneumonia, bronchitis, or COVID-19

Pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs)

• Other causes

Anemia

Anxiety or panic disorders

Obesity or poor physical conditioning

High altitude exposure

• Risk factors: Smoking, chronic heart or lung disease, occupational exposure to dust or fumes, older age, and a sedentary lifestyle.

Seek emergency care if shortness of breath is sudden, severe, or associated with chest pain, fainting, confusion, bluish lips or face, or difficulty speaking. Chronic or worsening breathlessness also requires medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause.