Heartburn

Heartburn is a burning sensation in the chest, often rising toward the throat, caused by stomach acid flowing back into the esophagus. It is a common symptom of acid reflux and can be occasional or frequent. While mild heartburn is usually harmless, frequent symptoms may indicate gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

• Causes: Weak lower esophageal sphincter, overeating, lying down after meals.
• Dietary triggers: Spicy foods, fatty meals, citrus, tomato products, chocolate, caffeine, alcohol.
• Lifestyle contributors: Smoking, obesity, pregnancy, stress.
• Risk factors: Hiatal hernia, chronic GERD, certain medications (NSAIDs, calcium channel blockers, sedatives).

See a doctor if heartburn occurs more than twice a week, interferes with daily life, or persists despite lifestyle changes or over-the-counter remedies. Seek urgent evaluation if heartburn is accompanied by chest pain, shortness of breath, jaw/arm pain, or black stools, as these may signal a heart attack or bleeding.