Cervical Cancer

Cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in female and arises in the cervix, the lower one-third of the uterus.

• Bleeding: The earliest and most typical symptom is light bleeding, such as spotting between menstrual periods, after sexual intercourse, or after strenuous exercise or bowel movements.
• Abnormal vaginal discharge: Watery or blood-tinged discharge may appear before bleeding begins. As the disease progresses, discharge and bleeding become heavier, ulcers may develop, and secondary infection can cause foul odor.
• Pain: Pain usually does not occur until the disease is more advanced, making early detection challenging.

Epidemiologic studies show that women who begin sexual activity before age 17, have multiple sexual partners, or have partners with multiple partners are at increased risk. This is largely due to infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), which is transmitted through sexual contact. HPV produces proteins that interfere with tumor suppressor genes in human cells, promoting cancer development.

Other risk factors include smoking and immunosuppression (e.g., after organ transplantation or long-term immunosuppressive therapy).

• Screening: Introduction of the Pap smear has enabled early detection of cervical cancer. The goal is to identify precancerous lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) or carcinoma in situ before they progress, allowing for complete cure with simple treatment. 
• HPV Vaccination: Vaccination is the most effective when administered before exposure to HPV, ideally before sexual debut. Vaccination significantly reduces the risk of cervical cancer.