Penile Cancer

Penile cancer is a rare malignancy that occurs in the penis, accounting for less than 1% of all male cancers. The vast majority (about 98%) are squamous cell carcinomas. Less common types include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, Kaposi sarcoma, and metastases from other cancers.

Penile cancer usually first appears as a painless lesion on the penis. Common features include:

• Red, firm nodule or ulcerated lesion (often on the glans, foreskin, or shaft)
• Foul odor or discharge from the lesion
• Possible bleeding
• Itching or burning of the foreskin
• General symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, weight loss

As the cancer progresses, it commonly spreads to the inguinal lymph nodes. Enlarged, firm lymph nodes in the groin may cause lymphedema of the legs due to impaired lymphatic drainage.

Several factors increase the risk of penile cancer:

• Poor genital hygiene: Smegma accumulation beneath the foreskin can cause chronic inflammation, which may lead to cancer.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: A major risk factor. The risk increases with multiple sexual partners.
• Circumcision status: Men who are uncircumcised have higher risk due to increased chances of chronic inflammation and HPV infection.

• Maintain good genital hygiene to reduce chronic inflammation.
• Safe sexual practices: Limiting the number of sexual partners and reducing HPV exposure lowers risk.
• HPV vaccination: while primarily aimed at preventing cervical cancer, It may also reduce penile cancer risk.